Additional Suggested Reading

This appendix details the references that were relevant to the development and validation of GastroPlus, but were not cited directly in this version of the GastroPlus Scientific Principles Guide.

1. Abazari, A., Elliott, J.A., et al. (2009). “A biomechanical triphasic approach to the transport of nondilute solutions in articular cartilage.” Biophys. J. 97(12): 3054-64.

2. Abuasal, B.S., Bolger, M.B., et al. (2012). “In silico modeling for the nonlinear absorption kinetics of UK-343,664: a P-gp and CYP3A4 substrate.” Mol. Pharm. 9(3): 492-504.

3. Abugayyas, L. and Balthasar, J.P. (2012). “Application of knockout mouse models to investigate the influence of FcℽR on the tissue distribution and elimination of 8C2, a murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody.” Int. J. Pharm. 439(1-2): 8-16.

4. Amidon, G.L., Lennernäs, H., et al. (1995). “A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability.” Pharm. Res. 12(3): 413-20.

5. Austin, R.P., Barton, P., et al. (2002). “The influence of nonspecific microsomal binding on apparent intrinsic clearance, and its prediction from physicochemical properties.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 30(12): 1497-503.

6. Austin, R.P., Barton, P., et al. (2005). “The binding of drugs to hepatocytes and its relationship to physicochemical properties.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 33(3): 419-25.

7. Barnett, C.H. (1958). “Measurement and interpretation of synovial fluid viscosities.” Ann. Rheum. Dis. 17(2): 229-33.

8. Bautista, C.A., Varela, C.R., et al. (1991). “Measurement of colonic transit time in children.” J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 13(1): 42-5.

9. Baxter, L.T., Zhu, H., et al. (1994). “Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for specific and nonspecific monoclonal antibodies and fragments in normal tissues and human tumor xenografts in nude mice.” Cancer Res. 54: 1517-1528.

10. Bergström, C.A., Luthman, K., et al. (2004). “Accuracy of calculated pH-dependent aqueous drug solubility.” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(5): 387-98.

11. Bigaard, J., Frederiksen, K., et al. (2004). “Body fat and fat-free mass and all-cause mortality.” Obes. Res. 12(7): 1042-9.

12. Brace, R.A. (1995). “Progress toward understanding the regulation of amniotic fluid volume: water and solute fluxes in and through the fetal membranes.” Placenta 16(1): 1-18.

13. Brightman, F.A., Leahy, D.E., et al. (2006). “Application of a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to the estimation of xenobiotic levels in human plasma.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(1): 94-101.

14. Brightman, F.A., Leahy, D.E., et al. (2006). “Application of a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to the estimation of xenobiotic levels in rat plasma.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(1): 84-93.

15. Casteleyn, C., Rekecki, A., Van Der Aa, A., Simoens, P., and Van Den Broeck, W. (2010). "Surface area assessment of the murine intestinal tract as a prerequisite for oral dose translation from mouse to man." Laboratory Animals. 44(3): 176-183.

16. Chan, Y.L., Leung, S.S., et al. (1998). “Body fat estimation in children by magnetic resonance imaging, bioelectrical impedance, skinfold and body mass index: a pilot study.” J. Paediatr. Child Health 34(1): 22-8.Chrai, S.S., Patton, T.F., et al. (1973). “Lacrimal and instilled fluid dynamics in rabbit eyes.” J. Pharm. Sci. 62(7): 1112-21.

17. Chen, Y. and Balthasar, J.P. (2012). “Evaluation of a catenary PBPK model for predicting the in vivo disposition of mAbs engineered for high-affinity binding to FcRn.” AAPS. J. 14(4): 850-859.

18. Crank, J. and Crank, E.P.J. (1979). “The Mathematics of Diffusion.” Clarendon Press.

19. Csanády, G.A., Kessler, W., et al. (2003). “A toxicokinetic model for styrene and its metabolite styrene-7,8-oxide in mouse, rat and human with special emphasis on the lung.” Toxicol. Lett. 138(1-2): 75-102.

20. Cubitt, H.E., Houston, J.B., et al. (2011). “Prediction of human drug clearance by multiple metabolic pathways: integration of hepatic and intestinal microsomal and cytosolic data.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 39(5): 864-73.

21. Cussler, E.L. (2009). “Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems.” Cambridge University Press

22. Dave, M.H., Schulz, N., et al. (2004). “Expression of heteromeric amino acid transporters along the murine intestine.” J. Physiol. 558(Pt 2): 597-610.

23. De Zwart, L.L., Haenen, H.E.M.G., et al. (2002). “Pharmacokinetics of ingested xenobiotics in children: A comparison with adults.” RIVM report 623860011/2002.

24. Dekaban, A.S. (1978). “Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights.” Ann. Neurol. 4(4): 345-56.

25. DeSesso, J.M. and Williams, A.L. (2008). “Contrasting the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Mammals: Factors that Influence Absorption”. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry.

26. Dorwart, B.B., Hansell, J.R., et al. (1974). “Effects of cold and heat on urate crystal- induced synovitis in the dog.” Arthritis Rheum. 17(5): 563-71.

27. Dressman, J.B. and Yamada, K. (1991). “Animal models for oral drug absorption.” In “Pharmaceutical Bioequivalence” (Welling, P.G., Tse, F.L.S. and Dighe, S.V., Eds.), pp. 235-266. Dekker, New York.

28. DuBois, D. and DuBois, E.F. (1916). “A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known.” Arch. Intern. Medicine 17: 863-871.

29. Dumas-Campagna, J., Tardif, R., et al. (2014). “Ethanol toxicokinetics resulting from inhalation exposure in human volunteers and toxicokinetic modeling.” Inhal. Toxicol. 26(2): 59-69.

30. Ellis, K.J. (1997). “Body composition of a young, multiethnic, male population.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66(6): 1323-31.

31. Ellis, K.J. (2000). “Human body composition: in vivo methods.” Physiol. Rev. 80(2): 649-80.

32. Engfeldt, P. and Linde, B. (1992). “Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in the abdominal and femoral regions in obese women: effect of fasting.” Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 16(11): 875-9.

33. Englund, G., Rorsman, F., et al. (2006). “Regional levels of drug transporters along the human intestinal tract: co-expression of ABC and SLC transporters and comparison with Caco-2 cells.” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 29(3-4): 269-77.

34. Fallingborg J. (1999). “Intraluminal pH of the human gastrointestinal tract.” Dan Med Bull. 46(3):183-96. PMID: 10421978.

35. FDA/CDER (1997). “Guidance for Industry: Extended Release Oral Dosage Forms: Development, Evaluation and Application of In Vitro / In Vivo Correlations.”

36. FDA/CDER (2010). “Guidance for Industry: Pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired renal function - Study design, data analysis, and impact on dosing and labeling.”

37. Foord, R.D. (1976). “Cefuroxime: human pharmacokinetics.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 9(5): 741-7.

38. Friis-Hansen, B. (1954). “The extracellular fluid volume in infants and children.” Acta Paediatr. 43(5): 444-58.

39. Garg, A. and Balthasar, J.P. (2007). “Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict IgG tissue kinetics in wild-type and FcRn-knockout mice.” J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn. 34(5): 687-709.

40. Garg, A. and Balthasar, J.P. (2009). “Investigation of the influence of FcRn on the distribution of IgG to the brain.” AAPS J. 11(3): 553-557.

41. Gerwin, N., Hops, C., et al. (2006). “Intra-articular drug delivery in osteoarthritis.” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58(2): 226-42.

42. Gibbs, J.P., Yang, J.S., et al. (1998). “Comparison of human liver and small intestinal glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed busulfan conjugation in vitro.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 26(1): 52-5.

43. Gohel, M. (2005). “Simplified mathematical approach for back calculation in Wagner- Nelson method.” http://Pharmainfo.net . Published Online. 3(2). (PDF) Simplified Mathematical Approach for Back Calculation in Wagner-Nelson Method (researchgate.net).

44. Goran, M.I., Toth, M.J., et al. (1997). “Cross-validation of anthropometric and bioelectrical resistance prediction equations for body composition in older people using the 4-compartment model as a criterion method.” J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 45(7): 837-43.

45. Gutiérrez, C., Marco, A., et al. (2002). “Total and segmental colonic transit time and anorectal manometry in children with chronic idiopathic constipation.” J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 35(1): 31-8.

46. Hadler, N.M. (1980). “Synovial fluids facilitate small solute diffusivity.” Ann. Rheum. Dis. 39(6): 580-5.

47. Hallifax, D. and Houston, J.B. (2006). “Binding of drugs to hepatic microsomes: comment and assessment of current prediction methodology with recommendation for improvement.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 34(4): 724-6.

48. Hatton, G.B., Yadav, V, Basit, A.W. (2015). “Animal Farm: Considerations in Animal Gastrointestinal Physiology and Relevance to Drug Delivery in Humans.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 104(9): 2747-76.

49. Hayduk, W. and Laudie, H. (1974). “Prediction of diffusion coefficients for nonelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions.” AIChE J. 20(3): 611-615.

50. Heikkinen, A.T., Friedlein, A., et al. (2012). “Mass spectrometry-based quantification of CYP enzymes to establish in vitro/in vivo scaling factors for intestinal and hepatic metabolism in beagle dog.” Pharm. Res. 29(7): 1832-42.

51. Heikkinen, A.T., Friedlein, A., et al. (2015). “Quantitative ADME proteomics - CYP and UGT enzymes in the beagle dog liver and intestine.” Pharm. Res. 32: 74-90.

52. Herrera-Ruiz, D., Wang, Q., et al. (2001). “Spatial expression patterns of peptide transporters in the human and rat gastrointestinal tracts, Caco-2 in vitro cell culture model, and multiple human tissues.” AAPS Pharm. Sci. 3(1): E9.

53. Hewitt, K.M. and Stringer, M.D. (2008). “Correlation between the surface area of synovial membrane and the surface area of articular cartilage in synovial joints of the mouse and human.” Surg. Radiol. Anat. 30(8): 645-51.

54. Horlick, M., Arpadi, S.M., et al. (2002). “Bioelectrical impedance analysis models for prediction of total body water and fat-free mass in healthy and HIV-infected children and adolescents.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76(5): 991-9.

55. Houtkooper, L.B., Going, S.B., et al. (1992). “Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat- free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study.” J. Appl. Physiol. 72(1): 366-73.

56. Ishii, K., Katayama, Y., et al. (1995). “A new pharmacokinetic model including in vivo dissolution and gastrointestinal transit parameters.” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18(6): 882-6.

57. Ito, K. and Houston, J.B. (2005). “Prediction of human drug clearance from in vitro and preclinical data using physiologically based and empirical approaches.” Pharm. Res. 22(1): 103-12.

58. Iwatsubo, T., Hirota, N., et al. (1997). “Prediction of in vivo drug metabolism in the human liver from in vitro metabolism data.” Pharmacol. Ther. 73(2): 147-71.

59. Jebens, E.H. and Monk-Jones, M.E. (1959). “On the viscosity and pH of synovial fluid and the pH of blood.” J Bone Joint Surg. Br. 41-b(2): 388-400.

60. Jones, R.D., Jones, H.M., et al. (2011). “PhRMA CPCDC initiative on predictive models of human pharmacokinetics, part 2: comparative assessment of prediction methods of human volume of distribution.” J. Pharm. Sci. 100(10): 4074-89.

61. Jürimäe, T., Sudi, K., et al. (2003). “Relationships between bioelectric impedance and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness measured by Lipometer and skinfold calipers in children.” Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 90(1-2): 178-84.

62. Kararli, T.T. (1995). “Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals.” Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 16(5): 351-80.

63. Kelly, P., Menzies, I., et al. (2004). “Responses of small intestinal architecture and function over time to environmental factors in a tropical population.” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70(4): 412-9.

64. Khin, M., Bolin, T.D., et al. (1999). “Investigation of small-intestinal transit time in normal and malnourished children.” J. Gastroenterol. 34(6): 675-9.

65. Knaak, J.B., al-Bayati, M.A., et al. (1993). “Development of in vitro Vmax and Km values for the metabolism of isofenphos by P-450 liver enzymes in animals and human.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 120(1): 106-13.

66. Koziolek, M. (2019). “Characterization of the GI transit conditions in Beagle dogs with a telemetric motility capsule”. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 136: 221-230.

67. Kraus, V.B., Stabler, T.V., et al. (2007). “Measurement of synovial fluid volume using urea.” Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15(10): 1217-20.

68. Lafourcade, C., Sobo, K., et al. (2008). “Regulation of the V-ATPase along the endocytic pathway occurs through reversible subunit association and membrane localization.” PLoS One 3(7): e2758.

69. Larsen, J.A. (1963). “Elimination of Ethanol as a Measure of the Hepatic Blood Flow in the Cat.” Acta Physiol. Scand. 57(3): 201-208.

70. Larsson, I., Bertéus Forslund, H., et al. (2004). “Body composition in the SOS (Swedish Obese Subjects) reference study.” Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28(10): 1317-24.

71. Lennernäs, H. (1998). “Human intestinal permeability.” J. Pharm. Sci. 87(4): 403-10.

72. Lennernäs, H., Ahrenstedt, O., et al. (1992). “Regional jejunal perfusion, a new in vivo approach to study oral drug absorption in man.” Pharm. Res. 9(10): 1243-51.

73. Levick, J.R. (1995). “Microvascular architecture and exchange in synovial joints.” Microcirculation 2(3): 217-33.

74. Levin, M.D. (2019). “Radiological Anatomy of the Colon and Rectum in Children”. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10: 82-86.

75. Lindena, J., Küpper, W., et al. (1986). “Catalytic enzyme activity concentration in thoracic duct, liver, and intestinal lymph of the dog, the rabbit, the rat and the mouse. Approach to a quantitative diagnostic enzymology, II. Communication.” J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 24(1): 19-33.

76. Linderkamp, O., Versmold, H.T., et al. (1977). “Estimation and prediction of blood volume in infants and children.” Eur. J. Pediatr. 125(4): 227-34.

77. Lipscomb, J.C., Fisher, J.W., et al. (1998). “In vitro to in vivo extrapolation for trichloroethylene metabolism in humans.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152(2): 376-87.

78. Loizou, G.D. and Spendiff, M. (2004). “A human PBPK model for ethanol describing inhibition of gastric motility.” J. Mol. Histol. 35(7): 687-96.

79. Malda, J., de Grauw, J.C., et al. (2013). “Of mice, men and elephants: the relation between articular cartilage thickness and body mass.” PLoS One 8(2): e57683.

80. Maroudas, A. (1970). “Distribution and diffusion of solutes in articular cartilage.” Biophys. J. 10(5): 365-79.

81. Maughan, R.J. (1993). “An evaluation of a bioelectrical impedance analyser for the estimation of body fat content.” Br. J. Sports Med. 27(1): 63-6.

82. McConnell, E.L., Abdul B.W., and Murdan, S. (2008). "Measurements of rat and mouse gastrointestinal pH, fluid and lymphoid tissue, and implications for in‐vivo experiments." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology: An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 60(1).

83. Meier, Y., Eloranta, J.J., et al. (2007). “Regional distribution of solute carrier mRNA expression along the human intestinal tract.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 35(4): 590-4.

84. Merchant, H.A. (2011). “Assessment of Gastrointestinal pH, Fluid and Lymphoid Tissue in the Guinea Pig, Rabbit and Pig, and Implications for Their Use in Drug Development”. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 42: 3-10.

85. Miyatake, N., Takenami, S., et al. (2004). “Evaluation of visceral adipose accumulation in Japanese women and establishment of a predictive formula.” Acta Diabetol. 41(3): 113-7.

86. Mortimer, L.S. (2017). “Fluid Velocity Vector Field Measurement in Synovial Joints.” Master Thesis, Saint Martin's University.

87. Nade, S. and Newbold, P.J. (1984). “Pressure-volume relationships and elastance in the knee joint of the dog.” J. Physiol. 357: 417-39.

88. Nielsen, F., Olsen, E., et al. (1995). “Prediction of isothermal evaporation rates of pure volatile organic compounds in occupational environments - A theoretical approach based on laminar boundary layer theory.” Ann. Occup. Hyg. 39(4): 497-511.

89. Obach, R.S. (1999). “Prediction of human clearance of twenty-nine drugs from hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data: An examination of in vitro half-life approach and nonspecific binding to microsomes.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 27(11): 1350-9.

90. Obach, R.S., Baxter, J.G., et al. (1997). “The prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters from preclinical and in vitro metabolism data.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283(1): 46-58.

91. Ober, R.J., Martinez, C., et al. (2004). “Visualizing the site and dynamics of IgG salvage by the MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn.” J. Immunol. 172(4): 2021-9.

92. Oh, D.M., Curl, R.L., et al. (1993). “Estimating the fraction dose absorbed from suspensions of poorly soluble compounds in humans: a mathematical model.” Pharm. Res. 10(2): 264-70.

93. Paine, M.F., Khalighi, M., et al. (1997). “Characterization of interintestinal and intraintestinal variations in human CYP3A-dependent metabolism.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283(3): 1552-62.

94. Pekkan, K., Nalim, R., et al. (2003). “Computed Synovial Fluid Flow in a Simple Knee Joint Model.” ASME Proceedings of FEDSM’03 4TH ASME_JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 6–11, 2003.

95. Peress, J. (2003). “Estimate evaporative losses from spills.” Chem. En.g Prog. 99: 32- 34.

96. Peterson, M.J., Czerwinski, S.A., et al. (2003). “Development and validation of skinfold- thickness prediction equations with a 4-compartment model.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77(5): 1186-91.

97. Philipson, A. and Stiernstedt, G. (1982). “Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in pregnancy.” Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 142(7): 823-8.

98. Roost, J.H. (1985). “Wagner's exact Loo-Riegelman equation: the need for a criterion to choose between the linear and logarithmic trapezoidal rule.” J. Pharm. Sci. 74(7): 793-4.

99. Pye, G., Evans, D.F., et al. (1990). “Gastrointestinal intraluminal pH in normal subjects and those with colorectal adenoma or carcinoma.” Gut 31(12): 1355-7.

100. Rothschild, M.A., Bauman, A., et al. (1955). “Tissue distribution of I131 labeled human serum albumin following intravenous administration.” J. Clin. Invest. 34(9): 1354-8.

101. Russel, F.G., Wouterse, A.C., et al. (1987). “Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the renal clearance of salicyluric acid and the interaction with phenolsulfonphthalein in the dog.” Drug Metab. Dispos. 15(5): 695-701.

102. Sawamoto, T., Haruta, S., et al. (1997). “Prediction of the plasma concentration profiles of orally administered drugs in rats on the basis of gastrointestinal transit kinetics and absorbability.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49(4): 450-7.

103. Schmelzle, H.R. and Fusch, C. (2002). “Body fat in neonates and young infants: validation of skinfold thickness versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76(5): 1096-100.

104. Schoene, B., Fleischmann, R.A., et al. (1972). “Determination of drug metabolizing enzymes in needle biopsies of human liver.” Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 4(2): 65-73.

105. Scott, A.M., Wolchok, J.D., et al. (2012). “Antibody therapy of cancer.” Nat. Rev. Cancer. 12(4): 278-87.

106. Segal, K.R., Van Loan, M., et al. (1988). “Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross-validation study.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr 47(1): 7-14.

107. Seifer, D.R., Furman, B.D., et al. (2008). “Novel synovial fluid recovery method allows for quantification of a marker of arthritis in mice.” Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16(12): 1532-8.

108. Semple, H.A., Tam, Y.K., et al. (1990). “A computer simulation of the food effect: transient changes in hepatic blood flow and Michaelis-Menten parameters as mediators of hepatic first pass metabolism and bioavailability of propranolol.” Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 11(1): 61-76.

109. Simon, W.H. (1970). “Scale effects in animal joints. I. Articular cartilage thickness and compressive stress.” Arthritis Rheum. 13(3): 244-56.

110. Sinko, P.J., Leesman, G.D., et al. (1991). “Predicting fraction dose absorbed in humans using a macroscopic mass balance approach.” Pharm. Res. 8(8): 979-88.

111. Smith H.W. (1965). “Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affcting its Composition” J Pathol Bacteriol. 89: 95-122.

112. Snipes, R.L. (1997). “Intestinal absorptive surface in mammals of different sizes.” Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 138: III-VIII, 1-90.

113. Soars, M.G., Burchell, B., et al. (2002). “In vitro analysis of human drug glucuronidation and prediction of in vivo metabolic clearance.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301(1): 382- 90.

114. Stücker, O., Pons-Himbert, C., et al. (2008). “Towards a better understanding of lymph circulation.” Phlebolymphology 15(1): 31-36.

115. Tateoka, N., Tsuchida, S., et al. (1987). “Purification and characterization of glutathione S-transferases in human kidney.” Clin. Chim. Acta 166(2-3): 207-18.

116. Thote, T., Lin, A.S., et al. (2013). “Localized 3D analysis of cartilage composition and morphology in small animal models of joint degeneration.” Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21(8): 1132-41.

117. Tomita, R. (2011). “Study of Segmental Colonic Transit Time in Healthy Men”. Hepatogastroenterology. 58: 1519-1522.

118. Urva, S.R., Yang, V.C., et al. (2010). “Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for T84.66: a monoclonal anti-CEA antibody.” J. Pharm. Sci. 99(3): 1582-1600.

119. Van Den Driessche, M., Van Malderen, N., et al. (2000). “Lactose-[13C]ureide breath test: a new, noninvasive technique to determine orocecal transit time in children.” J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 31(4): 433-8.

120. Wagner, J.G. (1983). “Pharmacokinetic absorption plots from oral data alone or oral/ intravenous data and an exact Loo-Riegelman equation.” J. Pharm. Sci. 72(7): 838-42.

121. Wang, W., Wang, E.Q., et al. (2008). “Monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.” Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 84(5): 548-558.

122. Wertz, P.W., Swartzendruber, D.C., et al. (1993). “Regional variation in the structure and permeability of oral mucosa and skin.” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 12(1-2): 1-12.

123. Wells, J.C. (2000). “A Hattori chart analysis of body mass index in infants and children.” Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24(3): 325-9.

124. Wilson, J.P. (1967). “Surface area of the small intestine in man.” Gut 8(6): 618-21.

125. Wilson, Z.E., Rostami-Hodjegan, A., et al. (2003). “Inter-individual variability in levels of human microsomal protein and hepatocellularity per gram of liver.” Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56(4): 433-40.

126. Wong, W.W., Stuff, J.E., et al. (2000). “Estimating body fat in African American and white adolescent girls: a comparison of skinfold-thickness equations with a 4- compartment criterion model.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72(2): 348-54.

127. Yao, M., Roberts, S.B., et al. (2002). “Field methods for body composition assessment are valid in healthy Chinese adults.” J. Nutr. 132(2): 310-7.

128. Yildiz H. (2006). “A Geometric Modeling of Dog Intestine” Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 30: 486-488.

129. Youngberg, C.A., Berardi, R.R., et al. (1987). “Comparison of gastrointestinal pH in cystic fibrosis and healthy subjects.” Dig. Dis. Sci. 32(5): 472-80.

130. Yu, L.X. (1999). “An integrated model for determining causes of poor oral drug absorption.” Pharm. Res. 16(12): 1883-7

131. Yu, L.X. and Amidon, G.L. (1998). “Characterization of small intestinal transit time distribution in humans.” Int. J. Pharm. 171(2): 157-63.

132. Yu, L.X. and Amidon, G.L. (1999). “A compartmental absorption and transit model for estimating oral drug absorption.” Int. J. Pharm. 186(2): 119-25.

133. Yu, L.X., Lipka, E., et al. (1996). “Transport approaches to the biopharmaceutical design of oral drug delivery systems: prediction of intestinal absorption.” Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 19(3): 359-76.